How to find the depth of a binary tree

Depth of a binary tree:
Depth of a binary tree is the maximum length of all paths. Nodes from the root to a leaf form a path.

For example, the depth of the binary tree in the below figure is 4, with the longest path through nodes 1, 2, 5, and 7.

A binary Tree with depth 4

Solution: Depth of a binary tree is the length of the longest path.

If a binary tree has only one node, its depth is 1. If the root node of a binary tree has only a left sub-tree, its depth is the depth of the left sub-tree plus 1(root node). Similarly, its depth is the depth of the right sub-tree plus 1(root node) if the root node has only a right sub-tree. What if the root node has both left sub-tree and right sub-tree? It is the greater/max value of the depth of the left and right sub-trees plus 1(root node).

 For example, the root node of the binary tree in the above figure has both left and right sub-trees. The depth of the left sub-tree rooted at node 2 is 3, and the depth of the right sub-tree rooted at node 3 is 2, so the depth of the whole binary tree is 4; 1 plus the greater value of 3 and 2.

 It is easy to implement this solution recursively, with little modification on the post-order traversal
algorithm, as shown below:

int TreeDepth(Binarytree Node* pRoot)

{

   int nLeft, nRight;

   if(root == NULL)

        return 0;

    nLeft = TreeDepth(pRoot->pLeft);

    nRight = TreeDepth(pRoot->pRight);

    return (nLeft > nRight) ? (nLeft + 1) : (nRight + 1);

}

Pointer to array and Array of Pointers

Pointers and Arrays

What Is the difference between the following three declarations?

int *ptr1[5];
int  (*ptr2)[5];
int* (ptr3[5]);



Answer:
int *ptr1[5];
   Here in int *ptr1[5], ptr1 is an array of 5 integer pointers (An array of int pointers).

int  (*ptr2)[5];
   And in int (*ptr2)[5], ptr2 is a pointer to an array of 5 integers (A pointer to an array of integers).

int* (ptr3[5]);
   This is same as ptr1 (An array of int pointers).


What will be the Output of the below program?

void main(void)
{
     int arr1[4] = {1, 3, 5, 7};
     int arr2[4] = {2, 4, 6, 8};

     int (*ptr[2])[4] = {arr1, &arr2};
    
     printf("%d, %d", (*ptr[1])[2], *(**(ptr) + 3));

}

Try to explain (*ptr[1])[2] And *(**(ptr) + 3) expressions and outputs by step by step..
Learning Points: Pointers to array/Array of pointers and resolving pointer expressions.

Program Explanation:
int (*ptr[2])[4] = {arr1, &arr2};
Here ptr is a array of 2 pointers,In which each pointing to an array of 4 integers.
from the above C statement this ptr is assigned as {arr1,&arr2}.
Here arr1 is a base address to array arr1 also called pointer to the first element of array.
And &arr2 is an address of array(arr2) also called entire array address).
ptr array elements(ptr[0],ptr[1]) expects the address of type int(*)[4]. But ptr[0] is assigned arr1,which is of type int*.
So this is the flaw in code. This may not lead to any compilation error, but it gives warning.
Even though you have given base address(arr1) to ptr[0], it will considers it as pointer to an array of 4 int (array address or entire array address).

printf("%d, %d", (*ptr[1])[2], *(**(ptr) + 3));
From the above C Statement

( *ptr[1] )[2]:
( *ptr[1] )[2] ==> (* ( ptr[1] ) ) [2]  ==> (* ( &arr2 ) ) [2] ==> ( arr2 ) [2] ==> arr2[2] ==> which equals the value 6

*(**(ptr) + 3):
**(ptr) ==> *(*ptr) ==> *(&arr1) ==>arr1(base address) 
Now

*(**(ptr) + 3) ==> *( arr1 + 3) ==> Nothing but arr1[3] ==> which equal to the value 7

Output:
6, 7

Please Correct me if anything is wrong. Please share your inputs and suggestions in comments.
Find more on C Pointer Concepts Here. 

How to make our Windows Genuine

How to make our Windows Genuine?

After a period of time(trail versions) many of the windows 7 OS users will face an error that "Window 7 is not genuine". If our windows OS is not a genuine version, it will not allow us to change the background screen and irritates us very often. This "Window 7 is not genuine" error message will come if we are using pirated or OEM versions of Windows 7.

Genuine OS

          Genuine OS issue in PC

For rectifying this error, do the follow the below steps and make your windows 7 as Genuine.

1st Method

Note: Before running the below steps make sure you are running windows as administrator

1) Start à all programs à accessories à command prompt

OR

Key combination of Windows button + R and type cmd à Enter

2) In command prompt type SLMGR /REARM and hit Enter.

SLMGR /REARM will re-set the rearm counter and you can reset your rearm count how many times you want.so you will have windows 7 running forever in trial mode.

3) One window will be opened like showed in the below figure and Press Ok.

Genuine Windows OS

4) Reboot the system and your Windows will work normally without any Genuine OS Problems(Note: For some systems you may need to reboot 2 times for avoiding the Popup window of Genuine OS problem.)

2nd Method

Sometimes many of us face the Windows OS Genuine version problem. To rectify this problem/issue, do the following steps and make your Windows OS as Genuine.

1) Copy and Paste the following code in the notepad.
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\WPAEvents]
"OOBETimer"=hex:ff,d5,71,d6,8b,6a,8d,6f,d5,33, 93,fd
"LastWPAEventLogged"=hex:d5,07,05,00,06,00,07,00,0f,00,38,00,24,00,fd,02
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion]
"CurrentBuild"="1.511.1 () (Obsoletedata - do not use)"
"InstallDate"=dword:427cdd95
"ProductId"="69831-640-1780577-45389"
"DigitalProductId"=hex:a4,00,00,00,03,00,00,00,36,39,38,33,31,2d,36,34,30,2d,\
31,37,38,30,35,37,37,2d,34,35,33,38,39,00,5a,00,00,00,41,32,32,2d,30,30,30,\
30,31,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,0d,04,89,b2,15,1b,c4,ee,62,4f,e6,64,6f,01,00,\
00,00,00,00,27,ed,85,43,a2,20,01,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,\
00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,31,34,35,30,34,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,ce,0e,\
00,00,12,42,15,a0,00,08,00,00,87,01,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,\
00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,94,a2,b3,ac
"LicenseInfo"=hex:9e,bf,09,d0,3a,76,a5,27,bb,f2,da,88,58,ce,58,e9,05,6b,0b,82,\
c3,74,ab,42,0d,fb,ee,c3,ea,57,d0,9d,67,a5,3d,6e,42,0d,60,c0,1a,70,24,46,16,\
0a,0a,ce,0d,b8,27,4a,46,53,f3,17

2) Save this notepad file with the .reg extension.

3) Now double click or run the file. It will ask you the confirmation to add the value to registry.

4) Then press yes.

5) Reboot your System.

6) Start Downloading from Microsoft Site.

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Slack Byte and Structure padding in Structures

What is Slack Byte or structure padding in Structure?

CPU/Computer stores structures using the concept of "word boundary".

What is word boundary?

Word boundary is the size of word(bytes) that CPU can process(read/write) at a time. Usually it is the Accumulator size of a processor(CPU). The size of word boundary is machine dependent.

Slack Byte(Padding byte)

In computer with 4 bytes word boundary, the members of structure are stores left aligned on the wordboundary, as shown below. A character data takes one byte and an integer takes 4 bytes. 3 bytes(Padding bytes) between them is left unoccupied. This unoccupied byte is known as the slack byte.

Structure Padding or Slack bytes

Why Padding or slack bytes are required?

Slack byte used for speed optimization. It aligns bytes so that, that can be read/write from structure faster. It is an extra byte, sometimes placed between structure members to align the structure.

Some Platforms like x86, CPU can access data aligned on absolutely any boundary, not only on "word boundary". The mis-aligned access might be less efficient than aligned access. If data is aligned properly, CPU can access the memory(structure members) efficiently and faster.

Note: As far as CPU is concerned, it can access any data on any boundary.

When we declare structure variables, each one of them may contain the slack bytes and the values stored in such slack bytes are undefined(garbage). Due to this, even though the members of two variable values are equal, their structures do not necessarily to be equal. Therefore C does not permit compassion of structures. However, we need to design our own function that can compare the individual members of structure to decide whether the structures are equal or not.

For understanding more, run the below program and check for memory mapping of the structure variable.

#include "stdio.h"

void main()

{

  struct st_demo

   {

char ch;

int i;

   };

  struct st_demo s;

  printf(" Size of int    = %d \n\n Size of char   = %d \n\n Size of struct = %d ",sizeof(s.i), sizeof(s.ch),sizeof(s));

 

  getch();

}

Explanation of the above program:

Let assume the size of char is 1 byte and int is 4 bytes(Variable sizes depends on Platforms/Compilers).

According to this, the size of structure variable s should be 5(1+4) bytes.

Output of the demo program

But from the above programs Output, Size of struct is 8 bytes.

So from where we got this extra 3 bytes?

From the memory map we can observe that there are three bytes between variable is unoccupied. These bytes are called slack bytes.

Note: It is not always necessary that a structure variable contains structure padding or slack bytes. 

If anything needs to be added for the above article, Please post it in comment section.

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Simple Virus Creation in Windows Systems

What is Computer virus?

Nowadays everybody aware of computer virus.

Computer viruses are small software programs that are designed to interfere with computer operation.

Today we will create a small and funny virus, which will reboots the computer.

Computer Virus

Funny Internet explorer virus creation

Whenever we double click on Internet explorer Computer will be restarted. For creating such virus follow the below steps.

1. Go to Desktop

2. Right click > new > Shortcut

3. In “Type the Location of the item” > write: “C:\WINDOWS\system32\shutdown.exe -r -t 00″ without double quotes.

4. Click next and in “Type a name for this shortcut” write ”Internet Explorer” and click Finish.

5. Now Right Click on the shortcut of Internet Explorer and go to “Change Icon” and select the icon of Internet Explorer.

6. Now the virus is ready. Whenever you double click on Internet Explorer Shortcut, Computer will restart.

Note: Same method can be used for any program(like Internet explorer) for creating the virus by changing the name and icon in steps 4 and 5).

Please share, if you likes this post.

Make your computer Speak

Make your computer speak whatever you input to it.

It looks interesting that, if anybody tells that they will make your computer to speak whatever they write or inputs.

Make your Computer Speak

To create one such talk script, follow the steps given below:-

Step 1.
 Open Notepad.

Step 2.
 Copy and paste the exact code given below:

     Dim Message, Speak
     Message=InputBox("Enter text and visit http://www.neentech.blogspot.com ","Speak")
     Set Speak=CreateObject("sapi.spvoice")
     Speak.Speak Message

Step 3.
Click on File menu, save As, select All Types in Save as Speak.vbs or "*.vbs"(replace * with your own name.).

Step 4.
Double click on the saved file, then a window will open,like showned in the below figure.

Enter text for Computer to speak

Enter some text in enter text column and click OK.

Now your Computer will speak / talk what you typed in step 4.

Windows Compatibility: This VBS file can be executed on all versions of Windows.

Please share it, if you likes the trick.